Time Line in Biology

4000 BC
Egyptians use yeast to make leavened bread and wine
1663
Cells are first described by Hooke
1675
Leeuwenhoek discovers bacteria
1683
Microscope is Invented
1830
Proteins are discovered
1855
The Escherichia coli bacterium is discovered
1859
Charles Darwin publishes the theory of evolution by natural selection
1861
Pasteurization is invented by Louis Pasteur
1863
Mendel discovers that traits were transmitted from parents to progeny by discrete, independent units, later called genes
1869
Miescher discovers DNA in the sperm of trout
1877
A technique for staining and identifying bacteria is developed by Koch
1878
The first centrifuge is developed by Laval
1879
Fleming discovers chromatin, the rod-like structures inside the cell nucleus that later came to be called chromosomes
1900
Hugo DeVries, Carl Coreens and Eric Von Tschermak independently rediscovers Mendel's work
1905
Clarence McClung shows in human that female have two X chromosomes and males have one X and one Y
1906
The term genetics is introduced
1919
The word "Biotechnology" is first used by Karl ereky (a Hungarian agricultural engineer)
1928
Penicillin discovered as an antibiotic: Alexander Fleming
1931
Ernst Ruska invented the electron microscope
1932
Frits Zernike invented the phase-contrast microscope
1938
The term molecular biology is coined
1941
The term genetic engineering is first used, by Danish
Beadle and Tatum gave one gene one enzyme theory
1942
The electron microscope is used to identify and characterize a bacteriophage
1944
Avery at al showed transforming property of DNA
McClintock discovers that gene can jump around chromosome is termed jumping genes
1949
Pauling shows that sickle cell anemia is a "molecular disease" resulting from a mutation in the protein molecule hemoglobin
1952
Hershey and Chase showed Transduction in it Virus infect Bacteria by inserting its DNA
1953
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins carry out X-ray crystallography studies of DNA
James Watson and Francis Crick's manuscript describing the double helical structure of DNA
1955
An enzyme involved in the synthesis of a nucleic acid is isolated for the first time
Joe Hin Tjio defined exact number of Human Chromosome is 46
1956
Kornberg discovers the enzyme DNA polymerase I
1958
Meselson and Stahl demonstrated that DNA replication is semi conservative
DNA is made in a test tube for the first time
Sickle cell anemia is shown to occur due to a change of a single amino acid
1960
Messenger RNA is discovered
1961
USDA registers first biopesticide: Bacillus thuringiensis, or Bt
1966
Genetic Code cracked
1968
Restriction enzyme recognized in Bacteria
1972
Recombinant DNA molecule produced
1975
Colony hybridization and Southern blotting are developed for detecting specific DNA sequences
The first monoclonal antibodies are produced
1976
Yeast genes are expressed in E coli bacteria
1977
Introns in eukaryotic genes discovered
1978
North Carolina scientists Hutchinson and Edgell show it is possible to introduce specific mutations at specific sites in a DNA molecule
1980
The US Supreme Court, in the landmark case Diamond v Chakrabarty, approves the principle of patenting genetically engineered life forms
1981
Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer invented the scanning tunneling microscope that gives three-dimensional images of objects down to the atomic level
1982
First genetically engineered product: human insulin
1983
The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique is invented
1984
The DNA fingerprinting technique is developed
1987
First Genetic Map of Human Chromosome created based on RFLP
Yeast Artificial Chromosome (YAC) developed that can carry large segment of DNA
1989
Sequence Tagged Site and Microsatellite are used as Genetic Marker
1990
Human Genome Project launched
Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) created
1995
The first full gene sequence of a living organism other than a virus is completed for the bacterium Hemophilus influenzae
1997
Ian Wilmut and his team at the Roslin Institute produced Dolly (sheep)
1998
The first complete animal genome for the elegans worm is sequenced
A rough draft of the human genome map is produced, showing the locations of more than 30,000 genes
James Thomson at Wisconsin and John Gearhart in develop a technique for culturing embryonic stem cells
2000
The human genome is completed
First entire plant genome, Arabidopsis thaliana, is sequenced
The Genome Sequence completed of fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster
2001
The sequence of the human genome is published in Science and Nature
2005
Rice genome is sequenced
Sources:www.kbiotech.com/